Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the microarray data. The genes selected showed similar expression changes when assessed by RT-qPCR as determined by microarray analysis. Data are presented as morphine vs. control fold changes.

Knockdown of µ opioid receptor ( oprm1 ). Expression levels of grb2, acox1, dao.1, wls, grik-l, otpb, copb2, bnip4, camk1gb, sox19b, magi1b and plg of the Control group, the Morpholine (MO) control, Morpholine oprm1 (oprm1-MO) and oprm1-MO exposure to morphine (oprm1-MO + morphine). The expression levels were quantified using RT-qPCR analysis and were normalized to β-actin expression. Each bar represents the FC ± SD (n = 8). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and using the Tukey post-hoc test. P values of < 0.05 being considered statistically significant (***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p <0.05).

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Acknowledgments
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