Neuroinflammation, apoptotic death, and mitochondrial dysfunction in epm2a?/? zebrafish larvae. (A) Detection of apoptotic cells by acridine orange staining in controls and epm2a?/? mutant embryos at 24 hpf (lateral views) alongside a quantitative analysis of apoptotic cells in WT (n = 40) and epm2a?/? (n = 44) fish. ** p ? 0.01, calculated by the Mann-Whitney test. (B) Mitochondrial respiratory analysis of controls (n = 47) and epm2a?/? mutant larvae (n = 48) at 120 hpf. * p ? 0.05, calculated by the Mann-Whitney test. (C) qRT?PCR analysis of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (D) qRT?PCR analysis of microglial genes. (E) qRT?PCR analysis of astroglial genes. The mRNA expression levels had been normalized to expression of ?-actin. Three independent RNA samples (each obtained from about 30?40 larvae) from controls and epm2a?/? mutant larvae at 120 hpf were analyzed. * p ? 0.05, ** p ? 0.01, **** p ? 0.0001, calculated by Student?s t-test. The values are expressed as mean ± SD.
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