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Mechanisms of atrioventricular (AV) valve thickening in tomato fish. A–D RNA sequencing analysis of heart tissues from wild-type (WT) and tomato zebrafish at 3 months post-fertilization (mpf). N = 4 zebrafish in each group. A Principal component analysis of heart samples. B MA plot showed log2 (mean expression) and log2 (fold change) values for differentially expressed transcripts. Genes were upregulated in tomato hearts are colored red, while the genes that were downregulated in tomato hearts are colored blue. C MSigDB Hallmark enriched pathway showed the seven most significant differential pathways in tomato zebrafish hearts. D A gene network diagram based on the upregulated pathways. E Immunohistochemistry detection of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker vimentin (green, middle panel) and the cell proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (purple, right panel) in the AV valve. Merged images are shown in the left panel. 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue) staining of cell nuclei. White dotted lines: atrioventricular (AV) valves. Scale bar, 50 μm.
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