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Tomato zebrafish demonstrate apparent features of heart failure. A Survival rates recorded from 10 days post-fertilization (dpf) to 2 months post-fertilization (mpf) in wild-type (WT) (N = 22) and tomato (N = 60) zebrafish. B Heart rates measured in WT (N = 9) and tomato (N = 10) fish at 3 mpf. BPM beats per minute. C Relative expression of heart failure marker natriuretic peptide B (nppb) in hearts of WT and tomato zebrafish at 3 mpf. N = 5 fish in each group. Data were normalized to actin, beta 1 (actb1) expression. D Schematic of the experimental apparatus used for echocardiography. The anesthetized zebrafish are placed on a sponge bed ventrally upward, and the probe used to detect the short-axis view of the heart. E Representative pulsed-wave Doppler images of atrioventricular inflow in WT and tomato zebrafish. Brightness mode (B mode, left panel) represents the measurement location, while pulsed-wave Doppler (P-mode, right panel) shows the inflow pattern of each group. Arrows: early diastole wave (E), late diastole wave (A), and regurgitation (regurg). Y axis: velocity (cm/s). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Statistics: Kaplan–Meier test in (A), unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test in (B, C).
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