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Alterations in the levels of polysialic acid following nicotine exposure in zebrafish brain. A–C Representative lectin blot and immunoblot analyses of zebrafish brain extracts following Nco exposure. A α2,3-linked sialylated glycoproteins detected using lectin from Maackia amurensis (MAM), B α2,6-linked sialylated glycoproteins detected using lectin from Sambucus sieboldiana (SSA), and (C) PSA levels detected by anti-PSA antibody. β-Actin was used as a loading control. The intensities of PSA and β-Actin bands in (C) were quantified, and the results are presented as PSA/β-Actin levels relative to the values in the non-treated zebrafish. n = 5 for each group. D, E Relative mRNA expression levels of (D) neu1 and (E) PSA biosynthesis-related genes (st8sia2, st8sia4, ncam1a, and ncam1b) in zebrafish brains following Nco exposure. Expression levels are normalized to those of ef1α and expressed relative to the vehicle-treated controls. n = 6. n.s., not significant
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