BG pretreatment modulates phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolic axis. (A) Workflow of untargeted metabolomics profiling in PBS- and BG-pretreated zebrafish following E. piscicida infection. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) of untargeted metabolomics profiling. (C) Differential metabolites volcano plot between PBS- and BG-pretreated zebrafish following E. piscicida infection. Red dots indicate up-regulated metabolites, blue dots indicate down-regulated metabolites. (D) Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of differential metabolite KEGG. (E) Heatmap of tyrosine (Tyr) and N-acetylphenylalanine (AcPhe) in PBS- and BG-pretreated zebrafish following E. piscicida infection. (F) Correlation heatmap between significantly altered gut microbiota (at the genus level) and metabolites. The correlation coefficient (r) is indicated by color, with red representing positive correlations and blue representing negative correlations. (G) Schematic diagram of phenylalanine to N-acetylphenylalanine and tyrosine metabolic signaling pathways. (H) Transcriptional expression of aanat2 and pah in posterior intestines of PBS- and BG-pretreated zebrafish during E. piscicida infection. Data are replicated with three independent experiments and shown as mean ± SD by a two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.
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