Establishment of the zebrafish model. (A) Three different phenotypes of zebrafish: A normal phenotype with no tail curvature, a mild phenotype with slight tail curvature, and a severe phenotype with pronounced tail curvature. Analysis of heart morphology in zebrafish embryos revealed pericardial edema (indicated by arrow) in both mild and severe phenotypic zebrafish. (B) Statistical analysis of the frequency of each phenotype, which revealed a significant difference. The rescue experiment, conducted through the injection of the FLNC plasmid (0.025 μg/μL) to overexpress FLNC, demonstrated restoration of the curly tail phenotype in zebrafish. (C) Heart rate analysis of zebrafish in the MO and COMO groups. (D–F) to evaluate myocardial involvement, we analyzed the expression of key myocardial developmental genes in the MO group. Upregulation of Nppa, Nkx2.5, and Gata4 has been linked to cardiac developmental defects. Notably, elevated expression of these genes was observed in the MO group. (G) Pictures of zebrafish from the COMO and MO groups under polarized light. (H) Heatmaps of zebrafish swimming distances. (I) Statistical analysis of these distances between the two groups (n = 6). All the data are shown as the means ± SDs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Statistical significance was calculated via Student’s two-tailed t test.
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