Fig. 5
Effects of valproic acid (VPA) on WT-AB mitochondrial respiration at 120 h post-fertilisation (hpf) and on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation at 30 hpf (n = 12 per group). (A) Mitochondrial respiratory analysis showed a decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in 50 ?M VPA-treated larvae compared with controls and 25 ?M VPA-treated larvae. (B?D) ATP production and both maximal and basal respiration rates were reduced in 50 ?M VPA-treated larvae compared with controls and 25 ?M VPA-treated larvae (* p ? 0.05, ** p ? 0.01, t-test with Welch correction). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. (E) Representative fluorescence images of ROS production in controls and VPA-treated larvae, with red dotted lines indicating the region of interest. (F) Quantitative analysis of ROS production showed a significant increase in 50 ?M VPA-treated larvae compared with controls and 25 ?M VPA-treated larvae (**** p ? 0.0001, t-test with Welch correction). Data are represented as individual values (lines indicate means ± SEM). |