Functional Evidence that NPY Promotes Sleep by Inhibiting NE Signaling (A?D) Tg(hsp:npy);dbh?/? and dbh?/? animals were less active (A and B) and slept more (C and D) than dbh+/? siblings during the day before and after HS. Tg(hsp:npy);dbh+/? animals were less active and slept more than dbh+/? siblings during the day after HS. NPY overexpression in Tg(hsp:npy);dbh?/? animals did not further decrease locomotor activity or increase sleep compared to dbh?/? siblings. Yellow bars indicate HS. Pre-HS and post-HS quantify data on day 5 before and after HS. (E?J) npy+/+, npy+/?, and npy?/? siblings were treated with either DMSO or prazosin. DMSO-treated npy?/? animals were more active (E and F) and slept less (H and I) than their DMSO-treated npy+/? and npy+/+ siblings during the day, but there was no difference at night (E, G, H and J). Prazosin decreased activity (E and F) and increased sleep (H and I) to a similar extent for npy?/?, npy+/?, and npy+/+ siblings during the day. Arrows indicate behavioral artifacts due to addition of water. Mean ± SEM for 2 (A?D) or 4 (E?J) experiments is shown. n.s., not significant; ?p < 0.05; ??p < 0.01; ????p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak test. See also Figures S6 and S7 and Table S2.
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