FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Investigating the Effect and Potential Mechanism of Rhamnetin 3-O-α-Rhamnoside on Acute Liver Injury In Vivo and In Vitro

Authors
Deng, D., Zhao, B., Yang, H., Wang, S., Geng, Z., Zhou, J., Yang, G., Han, L.
Source
Full text @ Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Figure 1

Effects of TAA on the liver of zebrafish larvae. (a) Effect of TAA on liver fluorescence in Tg (−1.7apoa2:GFP) zebrafish larvae. Scale bar = 100 μm. (b) Oil Red O staining of wild-type AB zebrafish liver (n = 10). Scale bar = 100 μm. (c–e) Changes in fluorescent liver area of larvae at 2, 3, and 4 days following TAA treatment. (f) Statistics of lipids in the wild-type zebrafish liver. (g) The activity of AST in the wild-type zebrafish. (h) The activity of ALT in the wild-type zebrafish. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control (mean ± SEM).
Figure 2

Effects of ARR on TAA-induced zebrafish larvae developmental toxicity. (a) The 72 hpf wild-type AB zebrafish larvae were handled for 3 days (n = 15). (b) Effects of ARR on the body length and yolk sac of zebrafish induced by TAA. Scale bar = 500 μm. (c) The change in body length. (d) The change in the absorption area of the yolk sac. The blue box indicates the location of the liver and yolk sac. L: liver; Y: yolk sac. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 3

Effects of ARR on TAA-induced liver injury. (a) Effect of ARR on the fluorescence area of the liver of Tg (−1.7apoa2:GFP) zebrafish larvae exposed to TAA. (b) HE staining of wild-type AB zebrafish larvae. (c) Oil Red O staining of wild-type AB zebrafish larvae (n = 10). (d) Liver fluorescence area statistics for each group. (e) Statistics of lipids in the liver. (f) The activity of AST. (g) The activity of ALT. Scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 4

Effects of ARR on oxidative stress induced by TAA in wild-type AB zebrafish. (a) Effect of ARR on the activity of ROS (n = 15). (b) Mean optical density of ROS. (c) Content of MDA. (d) Activity of SOD. (e) Activity of CAT. (f) Content of GSH. (g) Fluorescence-quenching kinetics curve of ARR in ORAC experiment. Scale bar = 200 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 4

Effects of ARR on oxidative stress induced by TAA in wild-type AB zebrafish. (a) Effect of ARR on the activity of ROS (n = 15). (b) Mean optical density of ROS. (c) Content of MDA. (d) Activity of SOD. (e) Activity of CAT. (f) Content of GSH. (g) Fluorescence-quenching kinetics curve of ARR in ORAC experiment. Scale bar = 200 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 5

Effects of ARR on TAA-induced inflammation. (a) Effect of ARR on neutrophil migration in Tg (lyz:DsRED2) transgenic zebrafish larvae (n = 15). White color indicates the position of the yolk sac and swim bladder. (b) Statistics of the number of migrating neutrophils. (c) Expression level of ikbkb. (d) Expression level of ikbaB. (e) Expression level of rela. (f) Expression level of cxcl8. Scale bar = 200 μm. n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model; ns: p > 0.05 (mean ± SEM).
Figure 6

Effects of ARR on TAA-induced levels of ROS and inflammatory factors following TAA induction. (a) Effect of TAA on the viability of HepG2 cells. (b) Effect of ARR on the viability of HepG2 cells. (c) Effect of ARR on TAA-induced survival of HepG2 cells. (d) ROS levels. (e) Content of TNF-α. (f) Content of IL-6. (g) Effect of ARR on TAA-induced ROS levels in HepG2 cells. Scale bar = 200 μm. n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 7

Effects of ARR on TAA-induced activation of IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway. (a) Expression levels of IKKβ, p-IKKα/β, COX-2, NF-κB p-p65, NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, IκBα, and GAPDH detected using Western blotting. (b) Expression level of p-IKKα/β/IKKβ. (c) Expression level of COX-2. (d) Expression level of NF-κB p-p65. (e) Expression level of NF-κB p65. (f) Expression level of p-IκBα/IκBα. n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 8

Effect of ARR on nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. (a) Expression of the nuclear and cytoplasmic protein NF-κB p65. (b) Level of NF-κB p65 expression in the nucleus. (c) Level of NF-κB p65 expression in the cytoplasm. n = 3. * p < 0.05vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. model (mean ± SEM).
Figure 9

Mechanism of TAA-induced activation of IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition by ARR.
Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Your Input Welcome
We welcome your input and comments. Please use this form to recommend updates to the information in ZFIN. We appreciate as much detail as possible and references as appropriate. We will review your comments promptly.
Please check the highlighted fields and try again.
Thank you for submitting comments. Your input has been emailed to ZFIN curators who may contact you if additional information is required.
Oops. Something went wrong. Please try again later.