FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Polystyrene microplastics effects on zebrafish embryological development: comparison of two different sizes

Authors
La Pietra, A., Fasciolo, G., Lucariello, D., Motta, C.M., Venditti, P., Ferrandino, I.
Source
Full text @ Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
Fig. 1

Polystyrene PS-MPs induce marked dose-dependent phenotypic alterations. Control larva (A). Larvae treated with 1 µm PS-MPs at 1.0 (B) or 10.0 mgL-1 (C). Larvae treated with 3 µm PS-MPs at 1.0 (D) or 10.0 mgL-1 (E). Notice the bent tail (arrow), the cardiac edema (dotted arrow), yolk sac deformities (thick arrow). (F) Percentage of phenotypic alterations exposed to 1.0 or 10.0 mgL-1 of 1 or 3 µm PS-MPs. Statistical differences were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01). Scale bar: 450 µm.

Fig. 2

PS-MPs accelerate heart rate (bpm) at 72 h of treatment. Statistical differences were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).

Fig. 3

Nile red staining of control larvae (A, D) or larvae exposed for 72 h to PS-MPs 1 µm (B, E) or 3 µm (C, F). (10.0 mgL-1). (A, D) Unstained larvae. (B-C; E-F) Larvae with intense fluorescence in correspondence of yolk sac (*) and intestinal tract (arrows). Scale bar (A, B, C): 10 µm; scale bar (D, E; F): 5 µm.

Fig. 4

Whole mount acridine orange staining of control larvae (A, D) or larvae exposed to 1 µm (B, E) or 3 µm (C, F) MPs. Upper panels: heads; lower panels, tails. Fluorescent spots (arrows); eye (e), somites (s). (G) Results of semiquantitative analyses demonstrating data significance. The graph shows the semi-quantitative analysis reported as the ratio of acridine orange positive cells. Statistical differences were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01). Scale bar: 50 µm.

Fig. 5

Oxidative stress in control larvae or larvae exposed to 1 µm or 3 µm PS-MPs. (A) ROS content; (B) HPs, lipid hydroperoxide levels. Each determination is the mean of three repeated measures. Statistical differences were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Fig. 6

Glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX, A), glutathione reductase activity (GR, B), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, C), and in vitro susceptibility to oxidative stress (ΔHPs, D) in control larvae or larvae exposed to 1 µm or 3 µm PS-MPs. Each determination is the mean of three repeated measures (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Fig. Abs

Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
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