Morphology, skeletal muscle histology, and exercise capacity analysis of alcohol-induced zebrafish. (A) Comparison of appearance. Bar = 10 mm. (B) Body length (mm). (C) Body weight (g). (D) Back muscle proportion of body weight (%). (E) Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining. Bar = 20 µm. (F) Cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers (μm²). (G) Absolute critical swimming speed (cm/s). (H) Relative critical swimming speed (body length/second). (I) Maximal oxygen uptake (mmol/kg/h). n = 7. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

The effect of alcohol exposure on protein degradation in skeletal muscle. (A) Changes in the mRNA levels of trim63a, trim63b, and fbxo25. (B) Western blot analysis of the difference in Mafbx protein levels. (C) Protein expression level of Murf1. (D) mRNA expression of atg7, beclin1, and lc3a. (E) Western blot analysis of changes in Beclin1 levels. (F) Western blot analysis of changes in P62 levels. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Zebrafish skeletal muscle ROS, oxidation, and antioxidant levels. (A) DHE staining of zebrafish skeletal muscle. Bar = 20 µm. (B) Quantitation of DHE staining. (C) mRNA levels of sod1 and sod2. (D) Western blot analysis of Nox2 expression. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Inflammatory factors and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB expression in zebrafish skeletal muscle. (A) mRNA levels of il1β and tnfα. (B) Il1β protein expression level. (C) Tnfα protein expression level. (D) Hmgb1 protein expression level. (E) Tlr4 protein expression level. (F) Nf-κb protein expression level. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.