Most COVID-19 therapies do not cause overall cytotoxicity. (A) Representative images of TUNEL-labeled neuromasts. Hair cells are labeled with DAPI (blue), TUNEL + cells are red. Arrows show examples of DAPI + /TUNEL + hair cells, while arrow heads point to examples of DAPI-/TUNEL + cells (non-hair cells). Images show 10 μM imatinib, lopinavir, and ritonavir, and 0.05 μM ivermectin to show the range of labeling patterns we observed. The scale bar = 10 μm and applies to all panels. (B) Quantification of TUNEL + hair cells (double-labeled cells). There is a significant effect of treatment on the number of TUNEL + HCs [one-way ANOVA, F(8,86) = 3.413, p = 0.0019]. (C) Quantification of TUNEL + non-hair cells (TUNEL + /DAPI) from the same images (62 μm × 62 μm box), to determine overall cytotoxicity of COVID-19 therapies. The x-axis in both panels (B,C) denotes the drug concentration (μM), and C = control. Note the difference in the y-axis scaling between (B) and (C) to reflect the higher number of TUNEL + non-hair cells as compared to hair cells. There is a significant treatment effect on the number of TUNEL + non-hair cells as well [one-way ANOVA, F(8,78) = 5.061, p < 0.0001]. Asterisks indicate significant differences from DMSO controls ***p < 0.001. N = 5–23 fish/treatment. Bars represent mean ± 1 s.d.
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