Fig. 3

Modulation of all PPAR isoforms increases the incidence of morphological deformities. A.) Embryos were examined microscopically for craniofacial malformations, pericardial edema, and darkened yolk sacs following exposure to PPAR agonists and antagonists. B.) PPARγ antagonist exposure displayed increased occurrence of comorbidities presenting as darkened yolk sacs accompanied by either pericardial edema or craniofacial malformation. PPARγ agonist exposure displayed an increased occurrence of craniofacial malformations alone and total deformity as well. Treatment with 10 μM PPARα antagonist resulted in a significant increase in total deformity, with a notable increase in multiple deformities that include pericardial edema. PPARβ/δ antagonist exposure increased pericardial edema and total deformities at 1 μM. Asterisks (*) indicate a difference between designated treatment group and the controls (p < 0.05); n = 75–90 eleutheroembryos.