Metabolic profile differences across treatment groups analyzed using OPLS-DA and pathway enrichment analyses. (A) Score plot illustrating metabolic differences in positive ionization mode (n = 6). Each point represents an individual sample, with ellipses indicating 95% confidence regions for each group (CK: control; 20, 100, and 500: ng/L TBT exposure groups; QC: quality control). The X-axis represents the primary component of variation (explaining 36% of variance), while the Y-axis shows the secondary component (explaining 10% of variance). (B) Score plot illustrating metabolic differences in negative ionization mode. Similarly to panel A, the X-axis explains 35% of variance, and the Y-axis explains 10% of variance. (C) Pathway impact analysis plot displaying pathway significance (−log(p)) versus pathway impact. Circle diameter represents the pathway impact score, while the color gradient indicates statistical significance (red indicating highest significance, transitioning to yellow for lower significance). Key pathways showing notable perturbation including alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; and the citrate cycle (TCA cycle). (D) Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) illustrating the top 25 enriched metabolic pathways. Enrichment ratios are represented by horizontal bars, with color coding indicating statistical significance (p-value ranging from 2 × 10−1 to 4 × 10−5).
|
