Pseudotime trajectory analysis reveals progressive immune cell reprogramming and TNFRSF1A expression dynamics in DKD: (A) Pseudotime trajectory of immune cells in control kidneys. UMAP visualization showing immune cell differentiation trajectory inferred by pseudotime analysis. Each dot represents a single cell, colored by pseudotime progression from early (purple) to late (yellow). Black lines indicate the reconstructed lineage paths, and circled nodes denote branching points in the trajectory. (B) Pseudotime trajectory of immune cells in DKD kidneys. UMAP visualization showing immune cell differentiation trajectory inferred by pseudotime analysis. Each dot represents a single cell, colored by pseudotime progression from early (purple) to late (yellow). Black lines indicate the reconstructed lineage paths, and circled nodes denote branching points in the trajectory. (C) Kernel density plot comparing the distribution of immune cell pseudotime states between control (red) and DKD (blue) groups along the same developmental trajectory. The x-axis represents pseudotime progression, and the y-axis shows the density of cells at each pseudotime value. (D) TNFRSF1A expression module activity along the inferred immune cell pseudotime trajectory. X-axis shows the inferred pseudotime along the immune differentiation trajectory. Y-axis shows normalized TNFRSF1A expression levels, with smoothed curves depicting expression dynamics across pseudotime.
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