Fig. 5

(a) Ratio of autophagosomes fused with lysosomes after 5?nM rapamycin treatment for 4?h. Scale bar, 10??m. (b) Change in Erk phosphorylation with 5?nM rapamycin treatment for 4?h. (c) Effect of autophagy inhibitors including 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (1?mM) and chloroquine (CQ) (50??M) on Erk phosphorylation. (d) Increase in Erk phosphorylation in Lc3-overexpressed cells with rapamycin treatment (5?nM, 4?h). (e) Decrease in Erk phosphorylation in Atg5- and Atg7-silenced cells with rapamycin treatment. All data were obtained from a minimum of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis performed using one-tailed t-tests, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001).