The effects of paternal atrazine exposure (at control [0ppb], 0.3ppb, 3ppb and 30ppb) on F1 behavioral traits.

(A) the time spent in the bottom zone (s) during the novel arena test, (B) time spent in the bottom zone (s) during the novel object test, (C) the latency to enter the top zone (s) during the novel arena test, (D) the proportion of fish that approached the novel object test; (E) the time spent interacting with the mirror (s) and (F) exploration (s). Bars represent means, with error bars representing standard errors of the mean. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between controls and an atrazine treatment (p <0.05). For each sex and treatment, sample sizes ranged from n = 18–30. Total sample size for F1s were n = 190, with n = 3 families per treatment. See methods for sample sizes.

The effects of paternal atrazine exposure (at control [0ppb], 0.3ppb, 3ppb and 30ppb) on F1 activity, measured by the total distance moved (cm).

(A) during the novel arena test, (B) the novel object test, (C) and during the mirror test. Bars represent means, with error bars representing standard errors of the mean. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between controls and an atrazine treatment (p <0.05). For each sex and treatment, sample sizes ranged from n = 18–30. Total sample size for F1s were n = 190, with n = 3 families per treatment. See methods for sample sizes.

The relationship between time spent in the bottom zone of the novel arena (s) and relative mRNA levels of candidate genes.

(A) slc6a4a, (B) slc6a4b, (C) htr1Aa, (D) htr1B and (E) htr2B of F1 offspring from control (solid line) and 0.3ppb atrazine treated (dashed line) males, normalized to b-actin and then centered (from whole-brain samples) and their 95% CI (shaded areas). Sample sizes for control offspring were n = 22 (males = 10; females = 12; progeny per family = 6–8; families n = 3), and for 0.3ppb offspring were n = 24 (males = 12; females = 12; progeny per family = 8; families n = 3).

Acknowledgments
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