|
Fig. 7 Function of PPM1A in Zebrafish Embryos(A) Lateral view of live embryos at 24 hpf (hours postfertilization). Right: Embryo injected with 300 pg of ppm1a mRNA. Eyes are indicated by arrowhead. (B) Ventral view of embryos shown in (A). Note that eyes (arrowhead) were fused in the ppm1a-injected embryo. (C–E) Embryos injected with 400 pg of ppm1a mRNA resulted in decreased gsc expression in the shield (C), loss of gsc expression in the prechordal plate (D), and mislocalization of lefty2 expression domain (heart) in the right at 24 hpf (E). Embryos were dorsal views with the animal pole at the top (C and D) or ventral views of heads (E). (F–M) Embryos injected with 5 ng of S2MH2 protein exhibited head enlargement (G and K) and/or tail loss (G and L) at 24 hpf. Coinjection with 400 pg of ppm1a mRNA allowed a majority of embryos to develop an abnormal tail at 24 hpf (H and M). Statistical data are shown in (I). (N–Q) gsc expression at the shield stage. Dorsal views of embryos injected with 5 ng of S2MH2 and/or 400 pg of ppm1a mRNA are shown. Note that the gsc-inducing effect of S2MH2 was counteracted by ppm1a. (R–U) gsc expression at the bud stage. Experiments were done similarly to in (N)–(Q). (V and W) Statistical data for gsc expression as shown in (N)–(U). Embryos were classified, based on degree of change in gsc expression, into four categories: normal, reduction, loss (loss in the prechordal plate), and expansion.
Reprinted from Cell, 125(5), Lin, X., Duan, X., Liang, Y.Y., Su, Y., Wrighton, K.H., Long, J., Hu, M., Davis, C.M., Wang, J., Brunicardi, F.C., Shi, Y., Chen, Y.G., Meng, A., and Feng, X.H., PPM1A functions as a Smad phosphatase to terminate TGFbeta signaling, 915-928, Copyright (2006) with permission from Elsevier. Full text @ Cell