Figure 3

Fisetin attenuates LPS-induced mortality, abnormalities, and lowered heart rate in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish larvae at 3 dpf (n = 20) were microinjected with 2 nL of 0.5 mg/mL LPS and immediately immersed in the indicated concentrations of fisetin. (A) Phenotype-based evaluations were performed at 36 h post injection (hpi). (B) LPS-microinjection increases abnormalities in zebrafish larvae at 36 hpi; this was observed using stereomicroscopy; (i) normal, (ii) death, (iii) necrotic yolk, (iv) swollen pericardial sac, (v) cyrtosis, and (vi) yolk crenulation. (C) LPS microinjection induces 60% abnormalities of zebrafish larvae and all larvae exhibits swollen pericardial sac (34.5%) either alone or together with necrotic yolk (8.5%), cyrtosis (8.5%), or yolk crenulation (8.5%). (D) Heart rates were measured to assess toxicity. Each value indicates the mean ± standard error median (SEM), and is representative of the results obtained from 20 fish for each group. Significant differences among the groups were determined using Student’s t-test (^#p < 0.01 vs. untreated zebrafish larvae) and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (*p < 0.01 vs. LPS-treated zebrafish larvae).