Excess carbohydrates activated glycolysis and suppressed gluconeogenesis in zebrafish and ZFL (means ± SEM, n = 6). C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50 represent diets in which dextrin levels are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. L represents a linear trend, Q represents a quadratic trend, C represents a cubic trend, and # represents the significant of the corresponding regressions. HG represents high glucose. (a) Plasma glucose, (b–d) glycolysis-related genes' expression in zebrafish liver, (e and f) gluconeogenesis-related genes' expression in zebrafish liver, and (g) glycolysis and gluconeogenesis related genes' expression in ZFL. Labeled means without a common letter differ among C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50, P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Duncan's post hoc test).  ^∗P < 0.05,  ^∗ ∗P < 0.01,  ^{∗ ∗ ∗}P < 0.005 (two-tailed independent t-test).

Excess carbohydrates elevated lipid accumulation in zebrafish and ZFL (means ± SEM, n = 6). C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50 represent diets in which dextrin levels are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. L represents a linear trend, Q represents a quadratic trend, C represents a cubic trend, and # represents the significant of the corresponding regressions. HG represents high glucose. (a) Plasma triglycerides, (b) plasma cholesterol, (c) representative images of the liver oil red O staining, scale bar, 50 μm, (d) relative areas of lipid droplets in oil red O staining, (e) triglycerides in the liver of zebrafish, (f) representative images of BODIPY staining in ZFL, scale bar, 5 μm, (g) lipid content was quantified by mean green fluorescence intensity by BODIPY 493/503 staining, and (h) triglycerides content in ZFL. Labeled means without a common letter differ among C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50, P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Duncan's post hoc test).  ^{∗ ∗ ∗}P < 0.005 (two-tailed independent t-test).

Excess carbohydrates promoted lipogenesis in zebrafish and ZFL (means ± SEM, n = 6). C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50 represent diets in which dextrin levels are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. L represents a linear trend, Q represents a quadratic trend, C represents a cubic trend, and # represents the significant of the corresponding regressions. HG represents high glucose. (a–d) Lipogenesis-related genes' expression in zebrafish liver, (e) representative images of SREBP-1c immunofluorescence staining in ZFL, scale bar, 5 μm, (f) SREBP-1c was quantified by mean green fluorescence intensity by immunofluorescence staining in ZFL, and (g) lipogenesis-related genes' expression in ZFL. Labeled means without a common letter differ among C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50, P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Duncan's post hoc test).  ^∗P < 0.05,  ^∗ ∗P < 0.01,  ^{∗ ∗ ∗ ∗}P < 0.005 (two-tailed independent t-test).

Excess carbohydrates damaged zebrafish liver health and increased inflammation-related genes in zebrafish liver and ZFL (means ± SEM, n = 6). C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50 represent diets in which dextrin levels are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. L represents a linear trend, Q represents a quadratic trend, C represents a cubic trend, and # represents the significant of the corresponding regressions. HG represents high glucose. (a) Representative images of the liver H&E staining, scale bar, 50 μm, (b) the relative health status of the liver was scored according to the degree of vacuolization (1–2: severe damage, 3–4: moderate, 5–6: mild, 7–8: slight, 9–10: normal), (c–e) inflammation-related genes' expression in zebrafish liver, and (f) inflammation-related genes' expression in ZFL. Labeled means without a common letter differ among C0, C10, C20, C30, C40, and C50, P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Duncan's post hoc test).  ^∗P < 0.05,  ^{∗ ∗ ∗}P < 0.005 (two-tailed independent t-test).