A two-set Venn diagram illustrating the relationship between QCT and OP-related targets. Light green and red represent QCT and OP-related targets, respectively. The intersection depicts a total of 55 potential pharmacological targets for QCT in the treatment of OP.

PPI network graph of potential targets. The node size is proportional to its degree value where the bigger size means the larger degree value.

GO terms and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 30 common targets (p-value < 0.05). (A) GO enrichment analysis of the intersection targets. The abscissa represents the GO term; the ordinate represents the proportion of genes. Green, orange, and blue represent the top 10 biological process, cellular components, and molecular functions, respectively. (B) The top 20 significant KEGG pathways. The abscissa depicts the proportion of genes, while the ordinate indicates the name of the KEGG signal pathway. The dot size and color scales indicated the number of enriched genes and the different thresholds for the p-value.

Potential hub targets of QCT toward anti-OP activity in the TNF signaling pathway generated by the KEGG mapper. The red rectangles indicate the identified proteins and the green rectangles indicate the unidentified proteins.

Target-pathway network. The blue V-shaped patterns and red circles represent different pathways and targets. The size of the circle indicates the degree of importance in the pathway.

Molecular models of QCT binding to its predicted protein targets: (A) IL1B, (B) RelA, and (C) NFKB1 (shown as 3D and 2D diagrams).

The effects of QCT on osteoporosis in zebrafish model. (A) Images of the dorsal aspect head bone stained with alizarin red staining in 9-dpf zebrafish. (B) The effect of QCT on bone mineralization area. (C) The effect of QCT on cumulative optical density. (D) Relative mRNA expression levels in zebrafish. Data are expressed as means ± SD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.