Fig. 1

Fig. 1. Survival, numbers of hatched fish, and deformities. (A) Percent survival after 3 days; (B) Percent of hatched zebrafish after 3 days. (C) Percent deformity in zebrafish embryos/larvae after 3 days. (D) Percent survival after 6 days; (E) Percent of hatched zebrafish after 6 days. (F) Percent deformity in zebrafish embryos/larvae after 6 days. Different letters (top graphs) or asterisk (bottom graph) indicate differences between groups (mean ± SEM). (One -Way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s post hoc test, Mantel–Cox log-rank test, p-value<0.05, n = 3–4 beakers, 10–15 fish per beaker).

Fig. 2

Fig. 2. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR, pmol/min/embryo) for zebrafish embryos treated with S-metolachlor for 48 h. Dashed lines indicate the addition of the mitochondrial toxicants: Oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and sodium azide (mean ± SEM) (top graph). (A) Basal Respiration, (B) Oligomycin-induced ATP-Linked respiration, (C) FCCP-induced Maximal Respiration (D) Spare Capacity (E) Proton Leak and (F) Non-Mitochondrial Respiration (mean ± SD). Asterisks indicate differences from the solvent control. (One-way ANOVA following by a Dunnett’s post hoc test, p-value < 0.05, n = 4 per treatment).

Fig. 3

Fig. 3. Surface area of the swim bladder. Different letters denote differences among treatments (mean ± SD). (One-way ANOVA following by a Holm–Sidak's multiple comparisons test, p-value < 0.05, n = 12–16 per treatment).

Fig. 4

Fig. 4. Images of representative zebrafish larvae after 6 days exposure to S-metolachlor. Note smaller area of the swim bladder with 50 µM exposure. Scale bar is 200 µm.

Fig. 5

Fig. 5. The transcript levels of (A) acta2 (B) anaxa5 (C) pbxa1 in larval zebrafish exposed to various concentrations of S-metolachlor from 6 hpf up to 6 dpf. Different letters indicate differences between treatment groups (mean ± SEM). (ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s post hoc, p-value < 0.05, n = 3 per treatment).

Fig. 6

Fig. 6. Total distance traveled in a visual motor response test. Different letters indicate differences between treatment groups (mean ± SEM) (ANOVA followed by a Holm–Sidak's multiple comparisons test, p-value < 0.05, n = 12–16 per treatment, data comprised of two independent experiments).

Fig. 7

Fig. 7. Simple linear regression analysis of swim bladder size relative to distance traveled per individual. (A) Dark period 3; (B) Dark period 5.

Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
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