Fig. 3

A–D ALDH enzyme activity was significantly decreased using substrate tt-DDE (C) and 2-HD (D), but unaltered with substrate 4-HNE (A) and 4-HHE (B) in aldh3b1^-/- larvae (n = 3/4). E Quantification of survival rates using different 2-HD concentrations showed lethality of 200 µmol 2-HD treated zebrafish larvae (n = 3 for each concentration). F Quantification of heart edema showed normal larvae heart development within 200 µmol 2-HD (n = 3 for each concentration). G Quantification showed normal larvae morphology within 200 µmol 2-HD (n = 3 for each concentration). (H–I) 100 µmol 2-HD treatment significantly increased hyaloid sprouts (H) and branchpoints (I) in aldh3b1^+/+ larvae (n = 20 for each concentration). J, Kaldh3b1^-/- and 2-HD induced hyaloid vascular alterations can be rescued by carnosine treatment (n = 13 for larvae co-cultured with 2-HD and carnosine, and n = 14 for all other groups). 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; 4HHE, 4-hydroxyhexenal; tt-DDE, trans, trans-2,4-decadienal; 2-HD, 2-hexadecenal; CAR, carnosine. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student’s t test for panels (A–D), Log-rank test for (E), two-way ANOVA for (F, G) and one-way ANOVA for (H–K). The bars indicate mean ± SD values. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.