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Multivariate overview of the proteomic data from HaCaT cells treated with PsBU. (A) Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Scores plot based on normalized protein abundances shows a clear separation between control (blue) and treated (orange) replicates along PC 1, which explains 41.4% of the total variance; PC 2 accounts for an additional 20.9%. (B) Hierarchical clustering heat-map. Unsupervised clustering (using Pearson distance and complete linkage) of the same dataset further discriminates between the two experimental conditions. Rows represent individual proteins and columns represent biological replicates (three controls and three treatments). The colour scale indicates relative expression after z-score normalisation (green = down-regulated; red = up-regulated). Together, the PCA and heat-map confirm that PsBU induces a distinct and consistent proteomic signature in HaCaT keratinocytes.
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