Fig. 1

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the different nanosystems.

a (1) Schematic representation of the nanosystem functionalization and chemical structure of each AVA_n-TPP, (n = 0, 1, or 2). (2-3) Rational and assay schematic of our study. b FTIR spectroscopy of the different nanocarriers. c Representative Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrograph of the as-synthesized MSN. Scale bar: 100 nm. Experiment was performed 3 independent times. d Mean size of the different nanomaterials in water (plain colors) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% FBS (dashed colors). Each dot corresponds to the mean value of a measurement run. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Comparisons between the two media were done using two-sided multiple unpaired t tests with Holm-Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. Adjusted pvalues: ns p = 0.073 (MSN), ****p = 0.000095 (NH₂), ns p = 0.068 (TPP), ns p = 0.068 (AVA), **p = 0.002 (AVA₂). e Zeta potential values after each functionalization step. Each dot corresponds to the mean value of a measurement run. Three independent runs were performed. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). Comparisons between functionalized nanosystems and control MSN were done using ordinary one-way ANOVA with Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. Adjusted p values: ****p < 0.0001. f Percentage of weight loss of the functionalized nanosystems vs MSN. Source data are provided as a SourceData file. Created in BioRender. Kremer, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/p3hsx73.