Figure 4

Post-treatment with SFN also rescued FASD in zebrafish embryos. (A) Zebrafish embryos were first exposed to 1.5% ethanol during 3–24 hpf and then treated with 3 µM SFN for 96 h with renewal every 24 h. Treatment with 3 µM SFN alone with renewal every 24 h and treatment with 1.5% ethanol alone during 3–24 hpf were also performed. (B) Survival rate. (C) Hatching rate. (D) Body length. (E) Representative larvae of DMSO control and freshwater control without treatment, 24–120 hpf treatment with 3 µM SFN alone, 3–24 hpf treatment with 1.5% ethanol, and post-treatment with SFN and ethanol. The larvae in post-treatment groups were claasified into two types: type 1 larvae are typically FASD-like, whereas type 2 larvae are more like SFN-supplemented control. (F) Percentage of type 1 and 2 larvae in the post-treatment groups. Arrows indicate the phenotypes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). se, small eyes; rb, reduced brain; sov, small otic vesicle; sj, small jaw; and pe, pericardial edema. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of SFN alone and t-test for pairwise comparison with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. The scale bar represents 1 mm.