Adjudin improves the function of islets from db/db mice. (a) qPCR analysis of the expression of beta cell maturation markers in db/db islets. The db/db islets were cultured in medium containing 11 mmol/l glucose and treated with DMSO or 10 µmol/l adjudin for 1 day before qPCR. Student’s t test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs DMSO. n=10 per treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (b) Accumulated insulin secretion by db/db islets. The db/db islets were cultured in medium containing 11 mmol/l glucose and treated with DMSO or 10 µmol/l adjudin for 1 day. Culture medium was collected at the end of the treatment to analyse insulin levels. Student’s t test: ***p<0.001. n=9 per treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (c) PCA plot for db/db islets. The inside and outside dashed lines indicate 95% and 98% CI. (d) Heatmap of significantly upregulated genes related to beta cell function in db/db islets after adjudin treatment, the scale represents z score. (e) Heatmap of beta cell disallowed genes in db/db islets after adjudin treatment, the scale represents z score. *Significantly regulated genes, p<0.05. (f–h) GO terms associated with upregulated genes after adjudin treatment in db/db islets. (f) GO terms related to beta cell development and function. (g) GO terms related to membrane ion channels. (h) GO terms related to exocytosis. PC1, principal component 1; PC2, principal component 2
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