Fig. 4

Inflammatory stimulation of the RAW 264.7 macrophages by the culture medium of PM-induced HaCaT cells and the anti-inflammatory eff ;ects of FxRF: NO production and cytotoxicity (A), and analysis of iNOS and COX-2 levels (B) and inflammatory mediators (C), including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂). The HaCaT cells were pre-seeded in culture plates (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL), incubated for 24 h, and treated with diff ;erent concentrations of FxRF. After 1 h, the cells were treated with PM (125 μg/mL) and 24 h later, the culture media were treated to each pre-seeded RAW 264.7 macrophages culture well plates in real time. The evaluations were made after a 24 h. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, and the results are represented as means ± SE. Values are significantly diff ;erent from the positive control (PM treated group) at *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001. H-PM: The cultured medium of PM-stimulated in keratinocytes.