Fig. 7

N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) treatment rescues the vascular defects in GB9-treated embryos. (A,B) At 28 hpf, in untreated controls and 50 μM NAC-treated embryos, ISVs reached the DLAV at the embryo’s dorsal aspect (arrowheads) and endothelial sprouting at the CVP and some formed loop structures at the tail (arrows). (C) At the same stage, in GB9-treated embryos, ISVs showed slow growth mid-somite (hollow arrowheads) and less sprouting or loop formation at the CVP (arrows). (D) Exogenous 50 μM NAC exposure restores the vascular defects of ISV and CVP in GB9-treated embryos. (E) Percentages of completed ISV are respectively ~91 ± 2.2, 85 ± 2.9, 33 ± 5.9, and 62 ± 5.1 in controls, NAC treatment, GB9 exposure and rescued embryos. (F) Quantification of CVP structures respectively showed ~14.8 ± 0.8, 13.7 ± 0.9, 3.5 ± 0.8, and 9.2 ± 1.1 in controls, NAC treatment, GB9 exposure and rescued embryos. *** refers to p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test. Data represent means ± S.E. Scale bars are 100 μm for (A–D).