Fig. 5

fr.1 inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in THP-1 macrophages and inhibited the expression of genes associated with early M1 polarization induced by co-treatment with LPS and IFN-γ. (A) Relative expressions of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as determined by ELISA, and relative expressions of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as determined by qPCR. (B) Relative expressions of phosphorylated JAK2/STAT3 as determined by western blot. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. ^##p < .01 versus non-treated THP-1 macrophages, and *p < .05, **p < .01 versus LPS-treated THP-1 macrophages. (C) Relative expressions of M1 markers, that is, CD38, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, and CXCL10, as determined by qPCR. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three different experiments. ^##p < .01 versus LPS-treated THP-1 macrophages, and *p < .05, **p < .01 versus IFN-γ and LPS co-treated THP-1 macrophages.