Fig. 4

fr.1 reduced the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in THP-1 macrophages. (A) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 24 h with sub-fractions at 0–20 μg/ml. Cell viabilities were measured using an EZ-cytox assay kit. Results are expressed as percentages of levels in non-treated THP-1 macrophages. (B) Relative expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were analyzed by western blot. Relative gene expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as determined by Real-time PCR. (C) Relative expressions of MAPKs as determined by western blot. (D) Relative phosphorylation of IκB-α and total protein levels as determined by western blot. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) was determined by western blot. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three different experiments. ^##p < .01 versus non-treated THP-1 macrophages, and *p < .05, **p < .01 versus LPS-treated THP-1 macrophages.