FIG 5

SNP+SHAM treatment induces surface exposure of chitin and β(1,3)-glucan. (A) Representative examples of untreated cells and cells treated with 1 mM SNP–0.5 mM SHAM for 18 h, stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. (B) Cells treated with SNP, SHAM, or SNP+SHAM at 30 or 37°C were quantified for FITC-WGA staining as described in Materials and Methods (n = 3). (C) Representative examples of untreated and SNP+SHAM-treated cells stained with dectin-1. Bar = 10 µm. (D) Cells were quantified as described in Materials and Methods (n = 3). AU, arbitrary units. (E and F) Effect of SNP+SHAM treatment on chitin unmasking as determined by WGA staining in upc2Δ and sko1Δ mutants (E) and in (F) cek1Δ mutants. Graphs show means ± standard deviations. At least three independent experiments were performed for each analysis. Student's t test was used to compare groups. *, P < 0.001.