Morphological and anatomical alterations were observed in non-exposed and exposed zebrafish embryos to various concentrations of haloperidol. PE: Pericardial edema, YSE: Yolk sac edema, BCA: Blood cell aggregations, LJD: Lower jaw deformities, SCD: Spinal cord deformities.

Heatmap of various malformations exposed to various concentrations of haloperidol up to 96 h of exposure.

Mean body (μm) of zebrafish embryos’ body length exposed to various concentrations of haloperidol per time period (hours post-exposure). Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, n.s.: Non-significance. Comparison of mean body length in relation to concentration and hours post-exposure. (a) 24 h, F_1,7 = 35.36, p < 0.001; (b) 48 h, F_1,7 = 45.64, p < 0.001; (c) 72 h, F_1,7 = 48.71, p < 0.001; (d) 96 h, F_1,6 = 57.56, p < 0.001.

Mean eye size (μm²) of zebrafish embryos exposed to various concentrations of haloperidol per time period (hours of exposure). Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, n.s.: Non-significance. Comparison of mean eye size in relation to concentration and hours post-exposure. (a) 24 h, F_1,7 = 26.32, p < 0.001; (b) 48 h, F_1,7 = 88.51, p < 0.001; (c) 72 h, F_1,7 = 168.01, p < 0.001; (d) 96 h, F_1,6 = 112.54, p < 0.001.

Heartbeat rate of zebrafish during embryonic development upon exposure to haloperidol at various concentrations at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001. Comparison of mean eye size in relation to concentration and hours post-exposure. (a) 24 h, F_6,58 = 12.32, p < 0.001; (b) 48 h, F_7,76 = 124.20, p < 0.001; (c) 72 h, F_7,69 = 75.42, p < 0.001; (d) 96 h, F_6,64 = 256.77, p < 0.001.

Mean distance moved (cm) of zebrafish embryos in 10 min, exposed to various haloperidol concentrations under dark/light conditions for 10 min. Significance: ** p < 0.001, n.s.: Non-significance. Comparison of mean eye size in relation to concentration and hours post-exposure. (a) Dark condition, F_4,386 = 55.72, p < 0.001; (b) light condition, F_4,386 = 4.16, p < 0.003.

(A) The motor response of zebrafish larvae after 4 days of exposure is strongly impaired by haloperidol. Locomotor activity of non-exposed (n = 140) and exposed to 0.25 mg/L of haloperidol specimens (n = 240) was monitored in a 40-min period of light/dark cycling (10–20 min, light; 20–30 min, dark; 30–40 min, light and 40–50 min dark). The distance moved of exposed specimens was counted at intervals of 2 min and was compared with that of the non-exposed. (B) Track plot of zebrafish movement in the light and dark conditions, in relation to the concentration of haloperidol.

Distance moved (in cm) in 10 sec after stimulus delivery (Low and High) on zebrafish larvae, non-exposed and exposed to 0.25 mg/L haloperidol.