Fig. 1

Physiological analyses of 5 days postfertilization (dpf) embryos exposed to rosiglitazone, T0070907, or bisphenol A (BPA). The top graphs show percentages of embryos with morphological abnormalities after exposure to a concentration range of (A) rosiglitazone, (B) T0070907, or (C) BPA. The middle graphs show yolk sac area mean ± SD after exposure to a concentration range of (D) rosiglitazone, (E) T0070907, or (F) BPA. The bottom graphs show mean ± SD of embryo length at 5 dpf after exposure to a concentration range of (G) rosiglitazone, (H) T0070907, or (I) BPA. *Statistically significant difference compared to the solvent control. Numbers above bars indicate n. DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide.

Fig. 2

Whole-embryo paraoxonase 1 (PON1) lactonase activity, PON1 arylesterase activity, and malondialdehyde levels. Data represent mean ± SD of (A) PON1 lactonase activity (n = 4), (B) PON1 arylesterase activity (n = 4), (C) Malondialdehyde levels (n = 4). ‡Statistically significant difference between the two tested concentrations of the same compound. DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent control); ROSI = rosiglitazone; T007 = T0070907; BPA = bisphenol A.

Fig. 3

Relative transcript levels of paraoxonase 1 (pon1) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (pparg) in 3.5 h postfertilization (hpf) to 5 days postfertilization unexposed zebrafish larvae over 11 time points and 1.5 hpf fertilized and unfertilized zebrafish embryos. The graphs for pon1 (A) and pparg (B) show log2 relative quantities of transcript levels normalized to reference gene transcript levels and expressed relative to the time point with the lowest transcript level. The red line depicts the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (loess) fit, and the dashed blue line depicts the 95% confidence interval of the loess fit. Critical points indicate local minima or maxima in the best-fit curve. When the confidence intervals of the estimated best-fit function contain 0 at a specific age, that age is considered a critical point. See Vergauwen et al. (2018) for more details on the analysis. Fold changes of (C) pon1 (n = 8) and (D) pparg (n = 8) gene transcript levels normalized to reference gene transcript levels are shown as mean ± SD. *Statistically significant difference. Exposure to metabolism-disrupting chemicals affects the transcript levels of lipid metabolism genes. CI = confidence interval; dpf = days postfertilization.

Fig. 4

Transcript levels of paraoxonase 1 (pon1) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (ppar). Data represent the mean ± SD of (A) pon1, (B) ppar gamma, (C) ppar alpha a, (D) ppar alpha b, and (E) ppar delta a fold changes normalized to the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; solvent control) group. *Statistically significant difference from the DMSO group, ‡statistically significant difference between the two tested concentrations of the same compound. The line with the asterisk depicts a specific significant difference tested for and observed in pon1 transcript levels. ROSI = rosiglitazone; T007 = T0070907; BPA = bisphenol A; pparg = ppar gamma; pparaa = ppar alpha a; pparab = ppar alpha b; pparda = ppar delta a.

Fig. 5

Lipid transport gene transcript levels. Data represent the mean ± SD of (A) apolipoprotein A1a, (B) apolipoprotein Bb1, (C) apolipoprotein C2, (D) apolipoprotein Ea, (E) microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and (F) lipoprotein lipase changes normalized to the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; solvent control) group. *Statistically significant difference from the DMSO group. apoa1a = apolipoprotein A1a; ROSI = rosiglitazone; T007 = T0070907; BPA = bisphenol A; apobb1 = apolipoprotein Bb1; apoc2 = apolipoprotein C2; apoea = apolipoprotein Ea; mttp = microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; lpl = lipoprotein lipase.

Fig. 6

Lipid metabolism–related gene transcript levels. Data represent the mean ± SD of (A) acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase alpha, (B) hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, (C) carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, (D) carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1Aa, and (E) glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1b fold changes normalized to the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; solvent control) group. *Statistically significant difference from the DMSO group, ‡statistically significant difference between the two tested concentrations of the same compound. acaca = acetyl CoA carboxylase alpha; ROSI = rosiglitazone; T007 = T0070907; BPA = bisphenol A; hadh = hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; cpt2 = carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2; cpt1aa = carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1Aa; gpd1b = glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1b.

Acknowledgments
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