- Title
-
Integrative Roles of Dopamine Pathway and Calcium Channels Reveal a Link between Schizophrenia and Opioid Use Disorder
- Authors
- Thiagarajan, S.K., Mok, S.Y., Ogawa, S., Parhar, I.S., Tang, P.Y.
- Source
- Full text @ Int. J. Mol. Sci.
Effects of (A) short-term (F (3, 140) = 42.92, p = 0.01) and (B) long-term (F (3, 140) = 114.29, p = 0.00) exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term (t (70) = 35.30, p = 0.00) and (D) long-term (t (70) = 177.64, p = 0.00) morphine treatment on the locomotor activity. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 12 of 3 independent experiments. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, p < 0.05. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. |
Effects of (A) short-term (F (3, 140) =46.84, p = 0.01) and (B) long-term (F (3, 140) = 124.51, p = 0.01) exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term (t (70) = 32.81, p = 0.04) and (D) long-term (t (70) = 184.32, p = 0.01) morphine treatment on the total distance travelled of zebrafish larvae (mm/5 min). Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 12 of 3 independent experiments. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, p < 0.05. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. |
Effects of (A) short-term (F (3, 140) =42.92, p = 0.00) and (B) long-term (F (3, 140) = 114.29, p = 0.00) exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term (t (70) = 35.31, p = 0.03) and (D) long-term (t (70) = 177.64, p = 0.00) morphine treatment on the social preferences of zebrafish larvae (sec/5 min). Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 12 of 3 independent experiments. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, p < 0.05. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. |
Tracked trajectories for control, MK801, DMP and morphine treated larvae after being subjected to conspecific larvae. Effects of (A) short-term and (B) long-term exposure to MK801, DMP and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term and (D) long-term morphine treatment on the social preference. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. |
Distribution of dopaminergic neurons in Tg (dat: EGFP) zebrafish. Representative confocal images showing the location of dopaminergic nuclei in the brains of the larval zebrafish following (A) short-term and (B) long-term exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term and (D) long-term treatment of morphine. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. Other abbreviations: LC, locus coeruleus; PT, posterior tuberculum; TPp, posterior tubercule. |
Effects of (A) short-term (F (3, 28) = 19.32, p = 0.00), (B) long-term (F (3, 28) = 10.74, p = 0.00) exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term (t (14) = 18.78, p = 0.00) and (D) long-term (t (14) = 6.33, p = 0.02) morphine treatment on cell counts in the PT region of the zebrafish larvae brain. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, p < 0.05. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. Other abbreviation: PT, posterior tuberculum. |
Effects of (A) short-term (F (3, 32) = 20.09, p = 0.00) and (B) long-term (F (3, 32) = 22.17, p = 0.00) exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine, and after withdrawal of (C) short-term (t (16) = 206.7, p = 0.00) and (D) long-term (t (16) = 56.83, p = 0.00) morphine treatment on the DA concentration (pg/mL) of the zebrafish larvae brain. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 50 of 3 independent experiments. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, |
Altered gene expression in zebrafish larvae following exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine. (A) Short-term effect on expression of α1C (F (3, 32) = 1.62, p = 0.91), α1Sa (F (3, 32) = 1.57, p = 0.22), α1Aa (F (3,32) = 1.99, p = 0.13), c-fos (F (3, 32) = 1.50, p = 0.67), drd2a (F (3, 32) = 53.34, p = 0.00), th1 (F (3, 32) = 6.18, p = 0.02), th2 (F (3, 32) = 283.76, p = 0.00), and eif4ebp1 (F (3, 32) = 25.18, p = p = 0.00), α1Sa (F (3, 32) = 15.60, p = 0.00), α1Aa (F (3, 32) = 25.45, p = 0.00), c-fos (F (3,32) = 10.22, p = 0.01), drd2a (F (3, 32) = 264.97, p = 0.00), th1 (F (3, 32) = 292.13, p = 0.00), th2 (F (3, 32) = 617.59, p = 0.00), and eif4ebp1 (F (3,32) = 20.76, p = 0.00). (C) Effect of morphine withdrawal of short-term morphine treatment on α1C (t (16) = 0.19, p = 0.66), α1Sa (t (16) = 1.13, p = 0.06), α1Aa (t (16) = 3.84, p = 0.10), c-fos (t (16) = 6.54, p = 0.02), drd2a (t (16) = 42.67, p = 0.00), th1 (t (16) = 54.81, p = 0.00), th2 (t (16) = 0.81, p = 0.38), and eif4ebp1 (t (16) = 11.33, p = 0.00). (D) Effect of morphine withdrawal after long-term morphine treatment on p = 0.10), α1Aa (t (16) = 24.37, p = 0.00), c-fos (t (16) = 7.49, p = 0.01), drd2a (t (16) = 18.02, p = 0.00), th1 (t (16) = 18.11, p = 0.01), th2 (t (16) = 28.78, p = 0.00), and eif4ebp1 (t (16) = 8.10, p = 0.01). Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 50 of 3 independent experiments. Different alphabets indicate statistically significant values, p < 0.05. Drug abbreviation: DMP, domperidone. |
Altered gene expression in zebrafish larvae following exposure to MK801, DMP, and morphine. (A) Short-term effect on expression of α1C (F (3, 32) = 1.62, p = 0.91), α1Sa (F (3, 32) = 1.57, p = 0.22), α1Aa (F (3,32) = 1.99, p = 0.13), c-fos (F (3, 32) = 1.50, p = 0.67), drd2a (F (3, 32) = 53.34, p = 0.00), th1 (F (3, 32) = 6.18, p = 0.02), th2 (F (3, 32) = 283.76, p = 0.00), and eif4ebp1 (F (3, 32) = 25.18, p = 0.00). (B) Long-term effect on expression of α1C (F (3,32) = 7.06, p = 0.00), α1Sa (F (3, 32) = 15.60, p = 0.00), α1Aa (F (3, 32) = 25.45, p = 0.00), c-fos (F (3,32) = 10.22, p = 0.01), drd2a (F (3, 32) = 264.97, p = 0.00), th1 (F (3, 32) = 292.13, p = 0.00), th2 (F (3, 32) = 617.59, p = 0.00), and eif4ebp1 (F (3,32) = 20.76, p = 0.00). ( |