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Fig. 4 Hecubine affected the secretion and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Cells were pretreated with Hecubine for 1 h and then exposed to LPS for another 24 h. The production of TNF-α, n = 8 (a), IL-6, n = 6–8 (b), IL-1β, n = 4 (c), MCP-1, n = 4 (d), and IL-10, n = 4 (e) in the cell culture medium was determined by ELISA. (f–h) The protein expression levels of TNF-α (n = 4) and IL-1β (n = 3) were measured by Western blot analysis. – and + represent the absence and presence of LPS (800 ng/ml), respectively. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. LPS-treated group; ###p < 0.001 vs. control; One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.