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FIGURE 7 A proposed schematic model of carbofuran induced declines in biological ageing through impairment of Nrf2 signalling. Carbofuran exposure induces oxidative stress through ROS generation. At low to the medium stress conditions, cells protect themselves via Nrf2-mediated transactivation of antioxidant regulatory genes as well as through epigenetic modification. Persistent carbofuran exposure increases oxidative stress, under which the cellular protective mechanism falls and impair the Nrf2 signalling. Ultimately, the suppression of the Nrf2 signalling induces cellular senescence and affects biological ageing