FIGURE 2

The microbiota influences the developing PFC metabolome, which correlates with transcriptomic signatures. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental timeline for metabolomics of PFC. (B) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) displaying differences in the PFC metabolome of germ‐free (GF) and conventionally‐raised (CON) in each of the early developmental timepoints assessed. Data analysed using PERMANOVA analysis. (C) Heatmap demonstrating the concentration (z‐scored) of metabolites that are differentially abundant in GF versus CON mice in at least one of the assessed timepoints (p < 0.05). Each square represents one mouse. (D) Untargeted enrichment analysis of metabolites that were significantly altered in GF compared to CON mice during early developmental timepoints. (E) Heatmap demonstrating the concentration (z‐score) of metabolites that are differentially abundant in young adult GF versus CON mice (p < 0.05). Each square represents one mouse. (F,G) Venn diagrams illustrating the overlap of significantly different metabolites (p < 0.05) between GF and CON groups across different developmental timepoints and sexes. (H) Schematic illustrating the procedure involved in multi‐omics analysis. (I) Representative schematic of glutamine metabolism in the tripartite synapse. Data presented as Mean ± SEM. Sample size: Young Adulthood: n = 8 mice/group, Early Development: n = 8‐10 mice/group. Microbiota; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Sex; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01. Detailed statistical analysis can be found in Supplementary Table S1.