EEG analysis of anti-seizure efficacy of VA in the brains of PTZ-treated zebrafish larvae (A) EEG signals corresponding to PTZ-induced seizure-like activity were recorded in the brains of zebrafish larvae pre-treated with 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μM VA or with 1000 μM VPA for comparison. The total seizure count (a) and cumulative duration of seizures (b) recorded during EEG analyses are shown. We examined 6 to 9 fish in each treatment group for EEG analysis. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for statistical analysis, and the significance of the results was confirmed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; (B) mRNA expression analysis of c-fos in 5 dpf zebrafish larvae using qRT-PCR. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; (C) Lateral views of bright-field images of zebrafish embryos treated with VA at various concentrations that showed anti-seizure efficacy. Scale bar = 400 µm. The embryos at 1 dpf (a–e) and larvae at 5 dpf (a’–e’) showed no observable morphological abnormalities. The experiment was conducted with 24 to 54 fish in each treatment group.
|
