Fig. 3

Zebrafish behavioral assay showing inhibition of seizure-like paroxysms (a) and hypoactivity (b) of S. longepedunculata extracts and compounds after 30 min tracking period. The concentration of S. longepedunculata compounds and extracts used in both graphs (a,b) was equal to the MTC found after their toxicological evaluation in larval zebrafish (see Section 2.2). The final concentration of DMSO was 0.5% per well. (a) Average distance traveled (mm/30 min) by zebrafish larvae (y-axis) treated with PTZ + 0.5% DMSO (vehicle). Data normalized against the PTZ-control (final concentration 20 mM). (b) Average distance traveled (mm/30 min) by zebrafish larvae treated with 0.5% DMSO (y-axis). Data normalized against the DMSO control. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) of three to six separate experiments. Sample (n = 12), sample + PTZ (n = 12), PTZ (n = 8), fish water control (n = 8), and fish water + 0.5% DMSO (n = 8). n─represents the total number of larvae. **** = p < 0.0001, *** = p < 0.001, and ** = p < 0.01. * = <0.05, compared to controls; PTZ- or DMSO-treated larvae. Fish water and 0.5% DMSO were used as negative control (untreated larvae).