Fig. 2

Examples of toxicological signs from morphological assessments of compounds isolated from S. longepedunculata on zebrafish larvae within the first 3, 24, and 48 h after treatment. (a) Larva exposed to 0.5% DMSO (control) is showing normal urogenital opening (in the dashed box) and normal heart (solid box) at 4 dpf 3 h postexposure, relative to (b) treated larva (compound 7, 9.4 μM) displaying abnormal urogenital opening (dashed box) and abnormal edema of the heart (solid box) at 4 dpf 3 h postexposure. (c) Control larva treated with 0.5% DMSO shows normal body axis (notochord) (arrow), somites [precursors to muscle tissue (solid box)], and swim bladder (solid box) at 5 dpf 24 h postexposure, relative to figure (d) where the treated larva (compound 7, 9.4 μM) displays abnormally curved body axis (notochord) (arrow), darkened tissues, suggestive of cell death (dashed box) and reduced swim bladder (solid box) at 5 dpf 24 h postexposure. (e) Larva as control (0.5% DMSO) shows no signs of darkened brain tissues, suggestive of cell death (dotted arrow), normal liver (dashed box), and normal yolk sac (solid box) at 6 dpf 48 h postexposure, compared to (f) treated larva (compound 4, 43.8 μM) showing darkened brain (dotted arrow), darkened liver (dashed box) indicating cell death, and edema of the yolk sac at 6 dpf 48 h postexposure. All scale bars are presented as 100 μm