Effects of 96-h pyriproxyfen exposure on locomotor parameters: (A) distance and (B) mean speed (n = 15–21). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). We analyzed data with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

Effects of 96-h pyriproxyfen exposure on (A) latency to the upper zone, (B) time in the upper zone, (C) and line crossings in adult zebrafish (n = 16–20). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. We analyzed the data with a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

Effects of 96-h pyriproxyfen exposure on (A) aggression (n = 14–15); and (B) social interaction parameters (n = 13–15). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. We analyzed the data with a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

Inhibitory avoidance task performance on the training and long-term memory test session 96 h after pyriproxyfen exposure (n = 15). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.We found no differences between training performance among all exposed groups as evaluated by the Kruskal–Wallis test. The asterisk indicates the difference between training and test sessions for each group, compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pair test (****p < 0.0001).

Whole-body cortisol response of zebrafish exposed to pyriproxyfen for 96 h (n = 3–6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.The symbols *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.005 indicate differences in relation to the control whereas ^#p < 0.05 presents difference when compared to the vehicle group.

Effects of 96-h pyriproxyfen exposure on (A)crf and (B)gr gene expression (n = 9–12). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunn’s post hoc test (p > 0.05).