PUBLICATION
Ketamine induces motor neuron toxicity and alters neurogenic and proneural gene expression in zebrafish
- Authors
- Kanungo, J., Cuevas, E., Ali, S.F., and Paule, M.G.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-111117-3
- Date
- 2013
- Source
- Journal of applied toxicology : JAT 76(2): 11-22 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Keywords
- neurotoxicity, ketamine, motor neuron, transgenic zebrafish, gene expression
- MeSH Terms
-
- Anesthetics, Dissociative/toxicity*
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/toxicity*
- Gene Expression/drug effects*
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Ketamine/toxicity*
- Motor Neurons/drug effects*
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/isolation & purification
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Zebrafish/physiology*
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- PubMed
- 22045596 Full text @ J. Appl. Toxicol.
- CTD
- 22045596
Citation
Kanungo, J., Cuevas, E., Ali, S.F., and Paule, M.G. (2013) Ketamine induces motor neuron toxicity and alters neurogenic and proneural gene expression in zebrafish. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT. 76(2):11-22.
Abstract
Ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors, is a pediatric anesthetic that has been shown to be neurotoxic in rodents and nonhuman primates when administered during the brain growth spurt. Recently, the zebrafish has become an attractive model for toxicity assays, in part because the predictive capability of the zebrafish model, with respect to chemical effects, compares well with that from mammalian models. In the transgenic (hb9:GFP) embryos used in this study, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed in the motor neurons, facilitating the visualization and analysis of motor neuron development in vivo. In order to determine whether ketamine induces motor neuron toxicity in zebrafish, embryos of these transgenic fish were treated with different concentrations of ketamine (0.5 and 2.0 mm). For ketamine exposures lasting up to 20 h, larvae showed no gross morphological abnormalities. Analysis of GFP-expressing motor neurons in the live embryos, however, revealed that 2.0 mm ketamine adversely affected motor neuron axon length and decreased cranial and motor neuron populations. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that ketamine down-regulated the motor neuron-inducing zinc finger transcription factor Gli2b and the proneural gene NeuroD even at 0.5 mm concentration, while up-regulating the expression of the proneural gene Neurogenin1 (Ngn1). Expression of the neurogenic gene, Notch1a, was suppressed, indicating that neuronal precursor generation from uncommitted cells was favored. These results suggest that ketamine is neurotoxic to motor neurons in zebrafish and possibly affects the differentiating/differentiatedneurons rather than neuronal progenitors. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping