PUBLICATION
GAP43 phosphorylation, is critical for growth and branching, of retinotectal arbors in zebrafish
- Authors
- Leu, B., Koch, E., and Schmidt, J.T.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-100730-21
- Date
- 2010
- Source
- Developmental Neurobiology 70(13): 897-911 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Schmidt, John T.
- Keywords
- synapse signaling, GAP43, activity feedback, retinotectal arbors, growth control, branching control, phosphorylation, protein kinase C, fusion proteins, expression vectors
- MeSH Terms
-
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- GAP-43 Protein/chemistry
- GAP-43 Protein/genetics
- GAP-43 Protein/metabolism*
- Growth Cones/physiology*
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Retina/cytology
- Retina/growth & development*
- Retina/physiology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology*
- Superior Colliculi/cytology
- Superior Colliculi/growth & development*
- Superior Colliculi/physiology
- Visual Pathways/cytology
- Visual Pathways/growth & development*
- Visual Pathways/physiology
- Zebrafish
- PubMed
- 20669323 Full text @ Dev. Neurobiol.
Citation
Leu, B., Koch, E., and Schmidt, J.T. (2010) GAP43 phosphorylation, is critical for growth and branching, of retinotectal arbors in zebrafish. Developmental Neurobiology. 70(13):897-911.
Abstract
Visual activity acts via NMDA Receptors to refine developing retinotectal maps by shaping retinal arbors. Retinal axons add and delete transient branches, and the dynamic rates increase when MK801 blocks NMDARs, as if this prevents release of a stabilizing signal. Ca(++) entry through NMDARs activates phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) to release arachidonic acid (AA), which taps into a presynaptic growth control mechanism. NCAM, L1, N-cadherin and FGF all stimulate axon growth via AA activation of protein kinase C to phosphorylate GAP43 and polymerize/stabilize F-actin. Our previous results show that blocking cPLA2 mimics NMDAR blockers, whereas exogenous AA reverses the increased dynamics, and PKC inhibitors also arrest growth. To test whether this activity-driven F-actin control mechanism shapes retinotectal arbors in zebrafish, we used the alpha-1-tubulin promoter to express GAP43-GFP fusion proteins in retinal ganglion cells, and imaged arbors in time-lapse to test for effects of GAP43 levels and its phosphorylation. Overexpressing wildtype GAP43 gave faster growth and larger arbors (#branches, spatial extent, total length of branches) at 3 days and especially 4 days. Surprisingly, the N-terminal 20 amino acid segment alone caused the same increase in branching, but no increase in growth. Earlier studies implicate this region in activating G(o) resulting in collapse of growth cones, which is now known to precede branch initiation. In contrast, GAP43 with ser41 mutated to ala (S41A) to prevent phosphorylation did not increase either branching or growth but resulted in immature, elongated arbors even at 4-5 days. In support of this atrophic effect, only half of brain/spinal neurons expressing S41A successfully initiated axonal outgrowth (vs nearly 100% for wtGAP43). These results suggest that the region around the ser41 phosphorylation site, which binds CaM and PIP2, promotes growth only when phosphorylated, and also activates the branching control region in the first 10-20 amino acids. Whereas phosphorylation introduces a bulky negative charge group, mutation of serine to arginine introduces a bulky positive charge. But this also produced the same growth and branching as phosphorylation, suggesting that the effect of phosphorylation is through hydrophilic bulk rather than negative charge, in agreement with other IQ motifs. The results implicate the cPLA2-AA-PKC-GAP43 pathway as part of an F-actin based mechanism that both stabilizes new synapses and initiates new branches near effective synapses.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping