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Fig. 3 Uptake of 80 nm AuNPs with different modifications as measured in the pronephros of zebrafish embryo-larvae measured via fluorescence detection with SPIM. Uptake was measured in both sides of the zebrafish pronephros (white markers – right side, black markers – left side): Fish were imaged using SPIM at 4 dpf after 72 h exposure to AuNPs. (A) Unmodified 80 nm AuNPs (B) TNF modified 80 nm AuNP (C) NHS modified 80 nm AuNP (D) PEG modified 80 nm AuNP. Raw data are represented as a scatter plot with means (shown by the red line) for three independent experiments (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn’s post hoc test; ****P < 0.0001). A magnified version of the graph is provided for the NHS modified AuNP to help best visualise the comparatively low levels of particle uptake/fluorescence for this exposure.