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Figure 6
Injury-induced sensorimotor and cognitive deficits are severity-dependent with rapid recovery. (A) Sensorimotor coordination (plotted as a sum of four independent sensorimotor features involving swimming orientation and adverse tactile stimulus, Table 1) was significantly impaired following sTBI for up to 12 hpi compared to the pre-injury response (n = 10). (B) The unprovoked swim velocity over time was not significantly different between undamaged controls and all three severity models from 4 hpi to 28 dpi (n = 15). (C) Quantification of the swim distance of undamaged and sTBI fish following the startle response across iterations 1, 5, and 10 at 1, 4, and 7 dpi. TBI-damaged fish displayed cognitive deficits in this non-associative learning assay (n = 9). (D) Quantification of associative learning, using the shuttle box assay, of undamaged fish and all TBI severities from 1–28 dpi measuring the number of trials to master the assay (n = 12). All three damage severities resulted in a significant reduction in learning that returned to normal between 4–7 dpi. (E) Quantification of immediate- and delayed-recall of associative learning of undamaged and all three TBI severities using the shuttle box assay. All three TBI categories (miTBI, moTBI, sTBI) resulted in both learning and recall deficits (n = 9). Mean ± SEM is depicted in (A–C,E), while standard deviation is shown in (D). Statistical analyses were performed with either Two-way ANOVA, or a One-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s or Dunnett’s multiple comparison post-hoc test. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01.