ZFIN Image: Chiu et al., 2013, Figure 1

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Figure 1

Neuromodulatory systems that promote arousal in vertebrates. The approximate locations of key neuromodulatory regions are shown for human (A) and larval zebrafish (B) brains. Arrows indicate ascending projections that increase forebrain excitation and descending projections that increase muscle tone and sensorimotor function. Abbreviations of neuromodulatory regions: LC, locus coeruleus; RN, raphe nuclei; VTA, ventral tegmental area; vPAG, ventral periaqueductal gray; A11, mammalian dopamine cell group A11; DC, dopaminergic diencephalic cluster; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; LH, lateral hypothalamus. Abbreviations of larval zebrafish brain anatomy: OB, olfactory bulb; D, dorsal telencephalon; V, ventral telencephalon; TeO, optic tectum; H, hypothalamus; T, thalamus; Ce, cerebellum; MO, medulla oblongata. Note human and larval zebrafish brains are not depicted to scale.

Acknowledgments

This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Front. Neural Circuits