FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Evaluation of the Anxiolytic and Anticonvulsant Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides Essential Oils and its Majority Constituents in Adult Zebrafish

Authors
Lima Mendes, J., Everson da Silva, L., do Amaral, W., Confortin, C., Kueirislene Amâncio Ferreira, M., Machado Marinho, M., Rogênio da Silva Mendes, F., Silva Marinho, E., Carneiro Romão, I., Paula Magalhães, E., Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes, R.P., Silva Alencar de Menezes, J.E., Dos Santos, H.S.
Source
Full text @ Chem. Biodivers.
Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity of (A) Marlierea eugeniopsoides summer, (B) M. eugeniopsoides spring, (C) α-pinene, and (D) β-pinene to PC-12 cells. All experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 3). Results were expressed as mean ± standard error mean (SEM). Experimental groups were compared by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett's posttest), with *p < 0.05 as the significance criteria.

Fig. 2

Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides oil (spring and summer) and the constituents α-pinene and β-pinene on the locomotor behavior of adult zebrafish in the open field test (0–5 min). The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for 6 animals/group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test: (****p < 0.0001 vs. control; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0.0001 vs. DZP).

Fig. 3

Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides oil (spring and summer) and the constituents α-pinene and β-pinene on zebrafish anxiety in the light/dark test (0–5 min). The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for 6 animals/group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. control; ##p < 0.01 vs. DZP).

Fig. 4

Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides oil (spring and summer) and the constituents α-pinene and β-pinene on GABAergic neuromodulation in zebrafish in the light/dark test (0–5 min). The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for 6 animals/group; two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. (##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.001 vs. DZP + FMZ or α-pinene + FMZ or β-pinene + FMZ or M. eugeniopsoides oil [spring] + FMZ or FMZ + M. eugeniopsoides oil [summer]).

Fig. 5

Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides oil (spring) (A) and the constituents α-pinene (B) and β-pinene (C) on PTZ-induced seizures in zebrafish, diazepam (DZP; 4 mg/kg) the positive control. The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for 6 animals/group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Control (DMSO 3%; 20 µL; vo); DZP—Diazepam (4 mg/kg; ip) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. control; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. DZP).

Fig. 6

Effect of Marlierea eugeniopsoides oil (spring) (A) and β-pinene (B) on PTZ-induced seizures in zebrafish, diazepam (DZP; 4 mg/kg) the positive control. The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for 6 animals/group; two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Control (DMSO 3%; 20 µL; vo); DZP—Diazepam (4 mg/kg; ip). (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. control; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. DZP). Os valores representam a média ± erro padrão da média (E.P.M.) para 6 animais/grupo. ANOVA seguida de Tukey (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 vs. FMZ + DZP or FMZ + M. eugeniopsoides oil (spring) or FMZ + β-pinene).

Fig. 7

Cavity prediction for the target receptor GABAAR (A) global view of the system formed by the biological receptor and the predicted cavity (B) enlargement of Cavity I, presented with its respective values of volume, surface area, and depth.

Fig. 8

Molecular docking with the GABA receptor. (A) Complexes formed between the ligands associated with Cavity I. (B) Enlargement of the cavity with the respective ligands. (C) Interactions formed by the presence of the DZP inhibitor. (D) Contributions of α-pinene. (E) Interactions formed by the β-pinene compound.

Fig. 9

(A) Molecular lipophilicity potential (MLP) surface map, (B) drug-likeness scoring radar based on the MPO system from Pfizer Inc., (C) alignment between lipophilicity (logP) and polarity (TPSA) for CNS activity estimation (Pfizer rule), and (D) PAMPA prediction based on Papp,A→B Caco-2 descriptors (in cm/s) in different databases.

Fig. 10

(A) AI-guided similarity testing with compounds deposited in the DrugBank database with alignment between cell effective permeability and drug clearance, (B) estimation of human intestinal absorption (HIA), and (C) prediction of inhibition probability and affinity with CYP450 isoenzymes.

Fig. 11

(A) Prediction of the site of metabolism and identification of epoxidation centers and (B) prediction of pIC50 in non-tumor cell lines to predict the cytotoxic response of α-pinene and β-pinene derivatives.

Acknowledgments
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