Fig. 1

Figure 1. (a) Preparation of C. edulis fruit extract. (b) Schematic representation of the synthesis of the CuO/SnO2/HNT composite using C. edulis fruit extract.

Fig. 2

Figure 2. TEM images of (a) pristine HNT, (b) the 20CS-HNT composite (at 200 nm), and (c) the 20CS-HNT composite (at 20 nm). (d) HR-TEM image of the 20CS-HNT composite (at 5 nm). d spacing values of (e) SnO2 and (f) CuO. (g) SAED pattern of the 20CS-HNT composite. Elemental mapping images of the 20CS-HNT composite: (h) overall image, (i) oxygen, (j) aluminum, (k) silicon, (l) tin, and (m) copper.

Fig. 3

Figure 3. (a) XRD data of pristine compounds and various loadings of the CS-HNT composite. (b) XRD data of raw HNT, CS, and the 20CS-HNT composite. (c) FT-IR spectra of pure HNT, CS, and the 20CS-HNT composite. (d) Analysis of the ζ potentials of CS, HNT and, the 20CS-HNT composite. (e) Thermal stability of CS and 20CS-HNT composite.

Fig. 4

Figure 4. (a) UV–vis–DRS spectrum. (b) Tauc’s plot of CS-21 and CS-11. (c) UV–vis–DRS spectrum. (d) Tauc’s plot of pure HNT, CS, and several CS-HNT composites. (e) PL spectra and (f) EIS spectra of CS and various synthesized composites.

Fig. 5

Figure 5. (a) XPS survey spectrum. HR-XPS data of (b) Cu, (c) Sn, and (d) O for CuO, SnO2, and the CS composite.

Fig. 6

Figure 6. (a) XPS survey spectrum. HR-XPS data of (b) O, (c) Cu, (d) Sn, (e) Si, and (f) Al for the 20CS-HNT composite.

Fig. 7

Figure 7. Optimization parameters of photocatalytic CR removal by 20CS-HNT composite: (a) C/C0 and (b) rate constant at different CR concentrations, (c) C/C0 and (d) rate constant at different catalyst dosages, and (e) C/C0 and (f) rate constant with different light sources. CR degradation by the 20CS-HNT photocatalyst using a real water source: (g) C/C0 and (h) degradation efficiency.

Fig. 8

Figure 8. CR photodegradation by 20CS-HNT composite: (a) C/C0, (b) degradation efficacy, and (c) rate constant. TC photodegradation by 20CS-HNT composite: (d) C/C0, (e) degradation efficacy, and (f) rate constant.

Fig. 9

Figure 9. (h) Reusability studies of 20CS-HNT photocatalyst. (i) XRD studies of fresh and used 20CS-HNT photocatalyst against CR degradation.

Fig. 10

Figure 10. (c) Morphological abnormalities of Zebrafish embryos at different time using standard, CR control, CR final, TC control, and TC final samples.

Fig. Abs

Acknowledgments
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